THE ALBUQUERQUE HISTORICAL SOCIETY
www.albuqhistsoc.org
& THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF NM
www.hsnm.org
Encourage your participation in the following on-line history & cultural events:
THE ALBUQUERQUE HISTORICAL SOCIETY (AHS) Sunday, April 18, 2021, at 2 PM. Museum of Albuquerque Director Andrew Connors presents “Telling the Albuquerque Story“. The program will take place by live stream on the AHS Facebook page.
New Mexico Historic Sites and Museums have opened. Check individual websites for hours, open dates, etc. nmhistoricsites.org.
The Wheels Museum, 1100 2nd St. SW has reopened. Times are Monday-Thursday, 9am-12 noon. Call first to confirm, 243-6269 or info@wheelsmuseum.org.
MARCH 31-APRIL. REMEMBERING THE LIFE OF CESAR CHAVEZ. Go to their Facebook Page: Recuerda a Cesar Chavez committee. Sponsored by the National Hispanic Cultural Center, nhccnm.org.
APRIL 9 – MAY 1, Saturdays April 9/10, 16/17, 23/24 and April 30-May 1. El Camino Real Trade Fair –sponsored by the City of Albuquerque and Bernalillo County. Contact Dustin Chavez Davis at 270-2055 or dchavezdavis@bernco.gov.
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APRIL 1, 6:30 pm, Zoom. Happy Art Hour. Art activities for adults. National Hispanic Cultural Center. Go to www.nhccnm.org to register for link.
APRIL 2, 5-8 pm, free, In-person, ! ART WALK DOWNTOWN CENTRAL. Meet the artists in person. Street music and vendors. Most artists will be along Central. Download map and descriptions at abqartwalk.com.
APRIL 3, 9 am. In-person cleanup of Historic Fairview Cemetery, 700 Yale SE -All welcome, enter through main gate. Trash bags and water provided. www.HistoricFairview
APRIL 3, 2-3 pm, Drop In discussion: Explore select art from the exhibition of Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera and Mexican Modernism. Zoom – Must register to participate. Albuquerque Museum. www.cabq.gov/museum.
APRIL 3, 2 pm, zoom. Taos County Historical Society presents, Reflections on Three Trails: Santa Fe, Old Spanish Trail and the Camino Real presented by Dr. Rick Hendricks former state historian. contact Paul Figueroa at PaulCFigueroa@gmail.com to request link. www.taosCountyHistorical
APRIL 4 EASTER OBSERVANCE
APRIL 6, 6:30 pm. Richard and Shirley Flint present China: The Aim of the Coronado Expedition. Sponsored by the Manzano Mountains Arts Council. Go to their website to get the Zoom link. ManzanoMountainsArtCouncil.
APRIL 6, 6 pm, Zoom. Albuquerque Library Foundation Fundraiser. Kirstin Valdez Quade talks about her book “The Five Wounds”. Sponsored by Bookworks. Go to Bookworks website, bkwrks.com and request link.
APRIL 6, 6 pm. Zoom. Perspectivas Modernas: The Arts and Crafts of Oaxcan Mezcal presented by Dr. Ronda Brulotte, professor of geography and Environmental Studies, Director of Latin American Studies at UNM. Go to nhccnm.org to register.
APRIL 7, 7 pm. You Tube and Zoom. Yom HaShoah, A community HOLOCAUST Memorial Day Commemoration. Sponsored by the New Mexico Holocaust Museum and Gellert Education Center and the Jewish Federation of NM, 616 Central SW. Go to the website nmholocaustmuseum.org to sign up and receive link. Questions call 247-0606. https://us02web.zoom.us/
APRIL 7, 12 noon, free Zoom. HOOFBEATS THROUGH HISTORY: The Story of the Horse in New Mexico. Presented by Cynthia Culbertson. sponsored by the NM Friends of History at the HISTORY MUSEUM in Santa Fe. Go to nmhistorymuseum.org and select the Facebook icon for access to the program. The Museum also has a YouTube channel where you can watch dozens of past programs & lectures ! Go to their website and click on their YouTube icon on the bottom of the home page. Get more info from the Friends of history website. FriendsofHistoryNM.or
APRIL 7, 6-7 pm, virtual. Photography and ways of Seeing with Cecelia Portal and Museum art curator Josie Lopez. Go to cabq.gov/artsculture/
APRIL 7, 6 pm, Zoom. Bookworks presents Jacqueline Keeler author of Standoff: Standing Rock, the Bundy Movement and the American Story of Sacred Lands. Go to Bookworks website, bkwrks.com and request link.
APRIL 8, 1-2 PM, Zoom. The Work of a Bracero is Never Done:Remembering the Labor in New Mexico presented by Dr. Yolanda Chavez Levya. Las Cruces Museum system. https://rebrand.ly/
APRIL 8, INDIAN PUEBLO CULTURAL CENTER REOPENS — Thursdays – Sundays ! This includes the restaurant and gift shop. www.indianpueblo.org.
APRIL 9 – MAY 1, virtual. Saturdays April 9/10, 16/17, 23/24 and April 30-May 1. El Camino Real Trade Fair sponsored by Bernalillo County and Casa San Ysidro.
APRIL 9 FALL OF BATAAN (WW II) OBSERVANCE, Visit the City’s Bataan Park at Lomas & Carlisle NE to see the memorial information. Go to Facebook.com/
APRIL 9, 1 pm, Zoom. Colcha Embroidery. National Hispanic Cultural Center. www.nhccnm.org.
APRIL 10, 1pm, online. Native American Language Revitalization in New Mexico . Program by Dr. Christine Sims, UNM & Acoma Pueblo. Casa San Ysidro. Contact Aaron Gardner, agardner@cabq.gov or 898-3915. www.cabq.gov/casasan
APRIL 10, all day. Carizozo Day – come visit historic Carizozo, NM and see the winners of the New Mexico Magazine 2020 Photo Contest at the Tularosa Basin Photo Gallery. It is now open on Friday/Saturday 10 am-5 pm and Sundays from 12 noon-5pm. PhotoZozo.org, 575-937-1489.
APRIL 11, 6-7 pm, virtual. Murals, community history and Identity. A discussion with fresco muralist Fredrico Vigil. Go to cabq.gov/artsculture/
APRIL 13, 7 pm, Zoom, free.Dr. Joseph Aguilar presents San Ildefonso Pueblo Homelands: A Tewa History of Los Alamos and Pajarito Plateau. Aguilar is the Deputy Tribal Historic Preservation Officer for the Pueblo.Los Alamos Historical Society. Go to losalamoshistory.org/events
APRIL 13, 1-2:30 pm, Zoom. The 2021 graduate fellows from the Center for SW Research at UNM present 20 minutes overviews of their research: 1:10 pm (History of African American Students at UNM 1889-1975), 1:30 pm, 1:50 and 2:10 pm (W.D. Wilson, Navajo Code Talker. Go to Center for SW Research to request link. or tjaehn@unm.com or nbrown@unm.edu.
APRIL 13, 2 pm, Pueblo Book Club. Free but $5 donation encouraged. Report on the Dept. of the Interior: Poem, the Mary Burritt Christiansen Poetry Series. You may purchase book at the Indian Pueblo Cultural Center store. Must register by April 12. More information at indianpueblo.org.
APRIL 13, 3 pm, Zoom, $10 for non-members. Confinement in the Land of Enchantment / the WW II internment of Japanese Americans in NM. Presented by Victor Yamada with the NM Japanese American Citizens League. Sponsored by the Historic Santa Fe Foundation. More info at HistoricSantaFe.org or contact Melanie McWhorter, melanie@historicSantaFe.org or call 505-983-2567.
APRIL 14, 6 pm, Zoom. Bookworks presents Anne Hillerman, author of her new novel, Stargazer. Go to Bookworks website, bkwrks.com and request link.
APRIL 14, 10 am, Zoom. The virtual pottery demonstration series of the Museum of Indian Arts and Culture presents Teseque potter Jacob Frye. Get link from indianartsandculture.org.
APRIL 15, 9-9:50 am, Zoom. The 2021 graduate fellows from the Center for SW Research at UNM present 20 minutes overviews of their research: 9:10 am (Black Lives Matter Collection), 9:30 am. Go to Center for SW Research to request link or tjaehn@unm.com or nbrown@unm.edu.
APRIL 15, 5:30 pm, Zoom, free. MI QUERENCIA: A Narrative Cruise through the Manito Homeland. Presented by Levi Romero, NM Poet Laureate. Part of the series from the Center for SW Research, UNM Zimmerman Library. Contact Tomas Jaehn, tjaehn@unm.edu for Zoom access. You will be sent the link two days in advance.
APRIL 15, 6-8 pm, virtual, free. THIRD THURSDAY AT THE ALBUQUERQUE MUSEUM. 7 pm Musical performance by Felix y Los Gatos. Focus on the new exhibit about Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera. Go to cabq.gov/museum for more details and listing of activities. Info from Jessica Coyle, 764-6517, jcoyle@cabq.gov.
APRIL 15, 6 PM, Zoom. Acequia Aqui: Water, Community and Creativity. Sponsored by the NM Humanities Council, Get link from nmhum.org.
APRIL 17, 2-3 pm, Zoom – Must register to participate. Drop In discussion: Explore select art from the exhibition of Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera and Mexican Modernism. Albuquerque Museum. www.cabq.gov/museum.
APRIL 17 , 1 pm, $15. The Dark Ages, The Rise of a New World Order, presented by Angel de Cervantes from the New Mexico DNA Project and the Iberian Peninsula DNA Institute. To pay and get a link for the program contact angelrcervante
APRIL 17, 1-2 pm, live stream. Cultural Astronomy series-Supernovae: What are they and how are they formed ? presented by Dr. Kukuwaa. Sponsored by the City’s Open Space Division.
APRIL 17, 9-11 am, must register in advance. Wholeness Wonder Walk. Marnie Rehn, certified naturalist uses mindfulness to explore Bachechi Open Space. Upon registration, details are provided. Sponsored by Bern County Open Space.
APRIL 18, 2 pm, free. Albuquerque Museum Director Andrew Connors and other staff speak on “Telling the Albuquerque Story. Go to the website of the Albuquerque Historical Society, www.albuqhistsoc.org. It will direct you to the presentation.
APRIL 18, “To Life” fundraiser of the NM Holocaust Museum. Go to NMHolocaustmuseum.org for more information. 505-247-0606.
APRIL 21, 6-7 pm, virtual. Cooking Demonstration involving food that would have been eaten by Friden Kahlo. Go to cabq.gov/artsculture/
APRIL 21, 5-6 pm, free, Zoom. The Counter Narrative-exploring nuclear science and history in NM from the Pueblo perspective. Radioactive, the Nuclear Boom. This program takes a closer look at the conditions and effects of the uranium mines and the nuclear labs.Presenter, Marian Naranjo, Santa Clara Pueblo. Get link from indianpueblo.org.
APRIL 22, 6:30 pm, Zoom, free. National Hispanic Cultural Center Learning for Educators. Learn how to use their resources in the classroom. Register at nhccnm.org.
APRIL 23 FOUNDING OF ALBUQUERQUE OBSERVANCE, 1706-2021. There are no official events sponsored by the City of Albuquerque but much information may be found on numerous websites. https://www.
APRIL 23 EARTH DAY OBSERVANCE – Look for information through Facebook and media sources about possible events.
APRIL 24, 10 am, Zoom, free. National Hispanic Cultural Center Learning for Educators. Learn how to use their resources in the classroom. Register at nhccnm.org.
APRIL 24, 2 pm, Zoom. Tertulia Historica Albuquerque series, State Historian Rob Martinez speaks on the poetic and literary traditions of the Hispanic World. The Pen and the Sword: Literary Works of Colonial New Mexico. Go to nhccnm.org for more info and to get link.
APRIL 27, 6:30 pm, request Zoom link. It is not always Black and White: Investigating Mimbres-Casas Grandes Relationships. Presented by Thatcher Rogers, MS, RRA. www.FriendsofTijerasPueblo.
APRIL 29, 3 pm, Zoom, $10 for non-members. Col. John P. Slough, “Gilpin’s Lambs” and Union Victory at Glorieta Pass. Presented by Richard Miller. Sponsored by the Historic Santa Fe Foundation. More info at HistoricSantaFe.org or contact Melanie McWhorter, melanie@historicSantaFe.org or call 505-983-2567.
APRIL 28, 6 pm, Zoom. Bookworks presents Carolyn Graham, author of New Mexico Food Trails. Go to Bookworks website, bkwrks.com and request link.
April 30, 12 noon, Zoom. “Women on the Santa Fe Trail” presented by Henrietta Martinez Christmas. Sponsored by the Historical Society of New Mexico. Will be recorded for future viewing on its youtube channel. Go to hsnm.org then programs then events. Request Zoom link by emailing, hsnmgeneral@gmail.
MAY 1 , 1 pm, $15. The Plague: Survivors, Descendants and the Impact on the Iberian Peninsula, Part 1 presented by Angel Cervantes from the New Mexico DNA Project and the Iberian Peninsula DNA Institute. To pay and get a link for the program contact angelrcervante
INSTITUTE FOR AMERICAN INDIAN EDUCATION AT UNM, iaie.unm.edu. Watch several previously recorded programs about Native American education, the Dine language and more.
EL RANCHO DE LAS GOLONDRINAS. Go to Golondrinas.org and click on the Facebook icon on the right to watch a variety of past programs. Examples are: The Truchas Mill, El Horno, Sheep to Blanket, Chile & Wild Greens, NM Remedios.
NEW MEXICO HUMANITIES COUNCIL has numerous programs on their YouTube Channel including What Public Memorials mean in New Mexico, A Tribute to Rudolpho Anaya, Creating a Multi Cultural NM. Go to their website www.nmhumanities.org. Blackdom, a panel discussion about the southern NM town founded in 1903. There are programs about the French in New Mexico, Japanese Internment camps during WW II, Women’s Suffrage and the Rio Grande. Go to nmhum.org You tube channel.
HISTORIC SANTA FE FOUNDATION (historicSantaFe.or
Commemoration of the adoption of the 19th Amendment to the US Constitution giving women the right to vote. Various Speakers including elected officials, poets, One Albuquerque Media Facebook page. https://www.facebook.co
WHAT ELSE IS OPEN OR IN PERSON?
DOWNTOWN ART WALK – SEE ABOVE ON APRIL 2.
LIBRARY BRANCHES ARE OPEN AT VARIOUS TIMES. Call the library before you go there. Capacity limits so call to find best times to visit.
METRO AREA MUSEUMS HAVE REOPENED WITH DIFFERENT REGULATIONS, TICKETING & TIMES. Albuquerque Museum, Balloon Museum, National Museum of Nuclear Science & History, New Mexico Holocaust Museum. Check their websites for more details as to hours of operation, gift shops, etc.
MURALS OF ALBUQUERQUE (www.murosabq.com) This shows over 130 murals in the ABQ metro area. You click on each picture and it shows the mural, gives its title and address, describes the image, and the artists.
ONLINE TOUR OF THE 15 HISTORIC MURALS AT THE INDIAN PUEBLO CULTURAL CENTER The tour gives details of the artist and the dance or ritual illustrated in the mural. https://indianpueblo.or
Virtual Tour of the Downtown Main Library, 1975. Presented by Modern Albuquerque and sponsored by the Urban Enhancement Trust Fund. More information including the YouTube link to the live stream is on their Events page. See www.modernabq.org/events
OASIS SENIOR LEARNING IS PROVIDING ONLINE PROGRAMS. Contact 884-4529 or visit albuquerque.oasisnet.org
THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO CENTER FOR SOUTHWEST RESEARCH AT ZIMMERMAN LIBRARY IS TAKING LIMITED APPOINTMENTS FOR RESEARCH. Go to their website to fill out an application, ELibrary.unm.edu
NUCLEAR MUSEUM – The Museum has a huge collection of oral history interviews (also transcribed) called Voices of the Manhattan Project. There are some 600 interviews of individuals who were either at the Manhattan Project or a family member who worked there. The interviews are organized into 39 categories such as: Internment of Japanese Americans, Life in the Secret cities, Hispanic employees, Native American. https://www.nuclearm
Watch Early Jews in New Mexico presented by Ron Duncan Hart. Sponsored by the Historic Santa Fe Foundation. Go to HistoricSantaFe.org. for information.
75TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE END OF WW II – The War Years: Selected Images from the NM Digital Collection. Go to the website of the Center for SW Research/Zimmerman Library, Elibrary.unm.edu/csw
DAILY ACTIVITIES FOR KIDS & ADULTS AT THE MAXWELL MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY maxwellmuseum.unm
THE NEW MEXICO HISTORY MUSEUM has put many programs on Facebook or YouTube including The Santa Fe River in NM History presented by William Mee, ex. director of the Santa Fe Watershed Association and Andy Otto from Agua Fria. There are six videos telling the story of The Harvey Girls. YouTube https://www.YouTube.co
For Facebook, click on: https://www.facebook.com/e
For YouTube, go to: https://www.youtube.com/u
VISIT THE SPECIAL COLLECTIONS LIBRARY Library branches have opened on a limited basis. Staff will help you with research or setting up an appointment by contacting specialcollections
TRIBUTES TO AUTHOR RUDOLFO ANAYA AND LINKS TO HIS ARCHIVES AT THE UNM CENTER FOR SOUTHWEST RESEARCH https://anaya.unm.edu
Because of Rudolfo Anaya’s literary and cultural significance to New Mexico and to honor his legacy, UNM Libraries’ Department of Digital Initiative and Scholarly Resources (DISC) created the Rudolfo Anaya Digital Archive, a comprehensive online guide to his life and work. Oral histories, draft manuscripts, book covers, and an extensive bibliography of Anaya resources are available in the online archive. CSWR staff, and indeed, the entire UNM Libraries community is deeply saddened by Mr. Anaya’s death, one of New Mexico’s great writers and cultural icons. While his passing is a great loss, by placing his papers with CSWR he left an incredible gift to New Mexico. His work will be treasured and preserved in perpetuity in the Center for Southwest Research and Special Collections for future generations to enjoy. For detailed descriptions of the material in the Rudolfo A. Anaya Papers please see the CSWR finding aid at https://rmoa.unm.edu/docvi
To access the Rudolfo A. Anaya Digital Archive, please visit https://anaya.unm.edu/
Many museums now have virtual tours. Many museums and history organizations are providing free lectures & programs by using Zoom, YouTube or the Facebook page of the organization.(Note: you do NOT have to be a Facebook user to view the Facebook page of many organizations). Some of these require pre-registration so you may receive a “specific link and password”. The programs are recorded to watch later. Most programs are free but some groups are requiring payment of a fee prior to getting a link or password to access the site.
*****AMAZING HISTORY / CULTURE OPPORTUNITIES ONLINE*****
In this time of buildings being closed, many of the museums and cultural centers in the ABQ metro area have put programming on their websites, Facebook pages or YouTube links. This includes everything from:
- concerts, history lectures, video tours of various museum collections,
- photograph pod casts, curriculum and study guides for children, audio interviews,
All of this is free and even “low tech” individuals can navigate these websites There are YouTube channels available at no cost to watch to all. You are urged to explore many websites but especially these:
- CORONADO HISTORIC SITE- Watch numerous programs from the website of the Friends of Coronado Historic Site. Kuaua.org/presentations. You can also just listen by phone. All info on their website.
- NEW MEXICO HISTORY IN TEN MINUTES (newmexicohistory.org)
On the home page, go to the bottom and click on Video of the Month. The entire list of episodes will appear by clicking on the corner of the video. NM State Historian Rob Martinez is most engaging and informative and there are more than 40 Episodes. The episodes may be heard in chronological order or by topic which is introduced in the first minute or so of the episode. - NATIONAL HISPANIC CULTURAL CENTER (www.nhccnm.org) La Hilacha Podcast-numerous podcasts including the 1918 Pandemic: What does History teach us by NM State Historian Rob Martinez. There are many videos about NM history related topics from the La Canoa series including Nina Otero Warren, New Mexican 20th Century Mujerota. You may visit various exhibits.
- NEW MEXICO PBS PODCASTS ON WOMEN & THE RIGHT TO VOTE. go to NewMexicoPBS.org/new-mexico
-and-the-vote-podcast/ - ALBUQUERQUE MUSEUM OF ART & HISTORY http://www.cabq.gov/cu
lturalservices/albuquerque-mus eum Picture This! Podcast – short 5-6 minute podcasts (combo of voice and photographs) by Museum photo archivist Jill Hartke. The podcasts include: baseball in ABQ, downtown businesses in the early 1920s, local photos from 1969-1970, Lovelace astronauts, Streetcars and Motorettes (ABQ 1907-1920s). - CIVIC AUDITORIUM HISTORY VIDEO (1957-1986) www.modernabq.org. Go to the Resources Tab, then the drop down to the three Civic Auditorium videos. They tell the story of the structure: why it was built, how it was used and why it was ultimately demolished.
- OUR FAIR NEW MEXICO: A VIRTUAL CONCERT SERIES OF NM MUSIC http://www.newmexicocult
ure.org/virtualconcerts Concer ts began on April 10 and there are numerous concerts by NM artists ranging from harpist Otilio Ruiz, Jemez flutist Marlon Magdalena, Lone Pinon, Dos Gatos, and Rob Martinez playing Northern NM music. - INDIAN PUEBLO CULTURAL CENTER (indianpueblo.org) You may read about current and past exhibits. These include Matriarchs at the Heart of Pueblo Families and Recipes from a Pueblo Kitchen. The website also gives an overview of each of the 19 NM pueblos and lists the individual websites. Go to NativeAmericanHeritageMonth.go
v for links to the Smithsonian, National Endowment for Humanities, National Park Service, National Archives, Teacher resources and more. - YOU CAN STILL WATCH THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES DAY PROGRAM RECORDED OCTOBER 12 AT THE INDIAN PUEBLO CULTURAL CENTER – GO TO THEIR WEBSITE, indianpueblo.org.
- COULD COLUMBUS HAVE BEEN JEWISH AND SHOULD WE CARE? (YouTube) presented by Norma Libman and the New Mexico Jewish Historical Society. Use this link. To contact Norma directly go to her website www.normalibman.com.
https://www.youtube.com/channe l/UC4pesp7e8EmbyZJmt4ze9oQ/ - LAS CRUCES MUSEUM SYSTEM has many interesting history programs on their website/Facebook Page/YouTube. On line at the Las Cruces Museum Facebook page. www.facebook.com/LCmuseu
ms/ Call 575-541-2154 for more information, Kayla Myers. las-cruces.org/1523/mu seum. Branigan Center.
ALB OASIS LIFELONG LEARNING PRESENTS VARIOUS NM TOPICS www.albuquerque.oasisne
ALBUQUERQUE HISTORICAL SOCIETY ARCHIVED VIDEO PROGRAMS The Albuquerque Historical Society provides videos of scheduled program presentations that are live-streamed to the Society’s Facebook page. If viewed live, the Facebook live-stream event allows those who are unable to attend the opportunity to participate in the question and answer session following the event. The video presentations are permanently available in the “Videos” section of the AHS Facebook page as well as linked to from the appropriate AHS Program pages. Presentations captured on Facebook videos to date include:
- 60th Anniversary of Little Beaver Town
Roland Penttila – March 21, 2021 - An Iconic View: A Photographic Study of First and Central, 1880 to 2020
Richard Ruddy – February 21, 2021 - Historic Fairview Cemetery: Final Resting Place for Notable People in Albuquerque History
Gail Rubin, CT – January 17, 2021 - The Spanish Flu Pandemic in New Mexico 1918-1920
Rick Hendricks, Ph.D, – November 15, 2020 - Architectural History of Albuquerque’s Old Main Library
Teri Reynoso – October 18, 2020 - The Photo Heritage of Eddie Ross Cobb and Daphne Cobb: Unbending Courage and Creativity
Sueki (Susan) Woodward – September 20, 2020 - They Won the Vote! : Suffrage and Suffragists in New Mexico
Sylvia Ramos Cruz, M.D. – August 23, 2020 - Albuquerque Sculptor Herb Goldman
Lisa Goldman – July 19, 2020 - Secret Albuquerque: A Guide to the Weird, Wonderful, and Obscure
Ashley M. Biggers – June 21, 2020 - Albuquerque in the Nuclear Age
Duane Hughes – February 16, 2020
- Early History of the Albuquerque Open Space Program
Rex Funk – January 19, 2020 - A History Lover’s Guide to Albuquerque
Roger Zimmerman – November 17, 2019 - Ridgecrest Area History: The Parkland Hills Addition
Willam Dodge – October 20, 2019 - History of Menaul School
Dr. Christine Sierra – September 15, 2019
DISCLAIMER: All information should be checked with the sponsoring entity as changes may have occurred.